Acids , Bases and Salts
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You all might be familiar with the terms Acid and Base.... As you have studied in your previous classes.
The term acid, in fact, comes from the latin term acere, which means ‘Sour’. In everyday life we come across many compounds that chemists classify as acids.
• Common Acids are:
• Organic acids are naturally occurring acids and are mostly found in plants and animals. These acids are the compounds of carbon.
• Mineral acids or inorganic acids are synthesised from minerals found on earth.
• Concentrated acid : An acid that has a relatively high percentage of the acid dissolved in the aqueous solution is classified as a concentrated acid
•. Dilute acid : An acid, which has a relatively low percentage of the acid dissolved in the aqueous solution, is classified as a dilute acid.
• Strong acids give a large number of hydrogen ions or gets completely dissociated when dissolved in water. Mineral acids are generally strong acids.
• Weak acids give very few hydrogen ions or gets partially ionised when dissolved in water.
For example, citric acid, acetic acid and formic acid.
• Properties of acids
Physical properties :
(i) Acids are sour in taste e.g. lemon juice is sour in taste as it contains an acid.
(ii) Generally acids are good conductors of electricity.
(iii) Mineral acids are corrosive in nature.
Chemical properties :
(i) Action of metals : Metals generally react with dilute acids to form their respective salt and hydrogen.
Mg (s) + 2HCL (aq)➡MgCL2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Action with metal oxides (Basic oxides) : The oxides that can add an hydroxyl ion (OH–) to their molecules are called basic oxides. Metal oxides are generally basic oxides. These oxides get neutralised when they react with acids. These reactions are mostly carried upon heating e.g.
2 2
Sodium oxide Hydrochloric Sodium Water
(Basicoxide) acid Chloride
Na O( )s aq + ¾¾ 2HCl( ) 2NaCl ( ) H O ( ) ® + aq l
(iii) Action with metal hydroxides (Basic hydroxides) : Acids
undergo neutralization reaction with basic hydroxides
(metal hydroxides) to form salt and water (i.e.
neutralisation reaction)
23 23 2
Pot.Hydroxide Carbonicacid Pot.Carbonate Water
2KOH( ) H CO ( ) K CO ( ) 2H O( ) aq aq + ¾¾® + aq l
(iv) Action with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen
carbonates : Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen
carbonates to form their respective salts, water and
carbondioxide gas.
carbonate sulphate dioxide acid
3 24 42 2
Zinc Sulphuric Zinc Water Carbon
ZnCO ( ) H SO ( ) ZnSO ( ) H O( ) CO ( ) s a + ¾¾ q a ® ++ q g l
• Uses of Acids:
(i) In batteries of cars and invertors. Sulphuric acid is used
in automobile batteries.
(ii) In manufacture of synthetic fibres and plastics.
(iii) In preparing dyes, detergents, glucose from starch,
fertilisers, explosives, etc.
(iv) For descaling pipes and cleaning metal surfaces and
sanitary wares.
(v) Acetic acid is used in flavouring food items like pickles.
• Bases are compounds which taste bitter example milk of
magnesia. Ammonium hydroxide, or ammonia water, is very
irritating to the nose and the eyes. This substance, called a
hydroxide, or a base, is often used in home for cleaning.
• Common Bases are:
Base Occurrence
Sodium hydroxide Soap
Calcium hydroxide Lime water
Potassium hydroxide Soap
Ammonium hydroxide Window cleaning solution
Magnesium hydroxide Milk of Magnesia
• Concentrated base : A base that has a relatively high
percentage of the base in the aqueous solution is classified
as a concentrated base.
• Dilute base : A base, which has a relatively low percentage of
the base dissolved in the aqueous solution, is classified as a
dilute base.
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